What Is the Figure of Speech Antiphrasis

Antiphrasis (an-TIF-ra-sis) is a  figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used in a sense contrary to its conventional meaning for ironic or humorous effect; verbal irony. Its also known as semantic inversion. The adjective for it is  antiphrastic. The word antiphrasis comes from the Greek, express by the opposite. Examples and Commentary: Yes, I killed him. I killed him for money--and a woman--and I didnt get the money and I didnt get the woman. Pretty, isnt it? (Fred MacMurray as Walter Neff in Double Indemnity, 1944) He looked like a Vulcan fresh emerged from his forge, a misshapen giant not quite sure of how to maneuver in this bright new world... His real name, the name given to him by his youthful mother before she abandoned him in a Brooklyn orphanage, was Thomas Theodore Puglowski, but his friends all called him Tiny... At least, Tiny supposed, they would if he had any friends. (Michael McClelland, Oyster Blues. Pocket Books, 2001) The first sentence below illustrates antiphrasis: its clear that the noise Frank makes isnt at all dulcet (or pleasing to the ear). In the second passage, however, pretty clever is simply a convenient lie; its not used as an ironic figure of speech. I was awakened by the dulcet tones of Frank, the morning doorman, alternately yelling my name, ringing my doorbell, and pounding on my apartment door. (Dorothy Samuels, Filthy Rich. William Morrow, 2001) Owen would just smile and eat his eggs, and maybe reach over and slap Ernies back and say, Thats real funny, Ernie. Youre pretty clever. All the while thinking to himself, You moron. What do you know?Which, of course, he couldnt say out loud. He could think it, but he couldnt say it. When youre a public figure in a small town, you have to treat people with dignity, even Ernie Matthews. (Philip Gulley, Home to Harmony. HarperOne, 2002) Gob: What do you think, Dad — a whole tiny town?Larry: Another brilliant idea, Einstein!Gob: Really? Youll build it with me?George Sr.: Larry never really knows how to sell the sarcasm.(Mr. F. Arrested Development, 2005) Even a brief consideration of the most common rhetorical devices deployed in ironic texts will show that antiphrasis explains only some of them, such as litotes and contradiction; whereas, on the contrary, hyperbole works by excess, not opposition, and meiosis operates by playing down more than by playing against. (Linda Hutcheon, Ironys Edge: The Theory and Politics of Irony. Routledge, 1994) I told you, shes got tracking devices in our fillings! If you two geniuses had ripped them out like I did, we wouldnt have been in this mess! (Justin Berfield as Reese in Billboard. Malcolm in the Middle, 2005) The Use of Antiphrasis by the Inventive Youth of London (1850) [A]ntiphrasis...  is best explained by saying that it seems to have become the chief rhetorical ornament of the ingenious and inventive youth of London, the real City, and may be found in its highest perfection in the conversations of the Artful Dodger, Mr. Charley Bates, and other luminaries of the novels now or lately most in esteem. It partakes of the nature of the Socratic Eironeia, in expressing your thought by words whose literal signification is the precise reverse thereof...For example, they say of a man-of-war, how little this is! meaning, how immense! Here is only one yam! what a number of yams! Chi atoo ofa--Small is my love for you I love you to madness and murder. It is to be lamented that this form of speech is not more widely diffused amongst us: we do indeed hear occasionally, you are a nice man! this is pretty conduct! and the like; but the dodge is rarely exemplified in Parliamentary debate, where it would often be highly ornamental.(Forms of Salutation. The Lon don Quarterly Review, October 1850)

The Patriot s History Of The United States - 1589 Words

After the Civil War, the United State began to experience an industrial growth that was unparalleled to any nation. There were new advancements among America’s transportation, manufacturing and agriculture industries. While an economic growth was occurring in the nation, the national government was inactive, almost forgotten between all the new innovations achieved during the late 19th century. Looking back at the Industrial Revolution, there are many perspectives of the events that occurred during this time. Two readings on the late 19th century, The Patriot’s History of the United States, by Larry Schweikart and The People’s History of the United States, by Howard Zinn, have their own takes. The perspectives on the history, the tone†¦show more content†¦Even though the new inventions were ground-breaking and revolutionary, The People’s History of the United States were quick to point out the cruel conditions it brought. However, The Patriot’s History of the United States, had a different perspective. Larry Schweikart spoke more positively of the economical situation in America. The wages were â€Å"In terms of that era’s cost of living†¦sufficient† and used an example of what a typical family in Atlanta might earn and spend (Schweikart 435). The perspective of the wages differ from the two authors. Howard Zinn had a negative tone toward the low wages, while Larry Schweikart kept a more positive tone towards worker’s pay. In fact, the two authors collide on the importance and significance of the elite class. Larry Schweikart wrote favorably of the millionaire that rose up during this era. Schweikart wrote on page 436, â€Å"The good news was that there were more of the wealth.† Larry Schweikart perspective on the rising class was that the rich were beneficial to society, with their new ideas and in novations. On the other hand, Howard Zinn painted the rich as corruptible, and greedy. The Industrial Revolution brought new technology that paved the way for the modern corporation. While some believed the top executives of these businesses started from the bottom and rose to the top, Howard Zinn had a

Video Games Why The Gender Bias Essay Example For Students

Video Games: Why The Gender Bias? Essay This Christmas, like millions of other parents, I bought my two children, a boy and a girl,a popular home video game system. I thought they could share it and when asked if this was OKwith them, they replied, Sure mom, that would be great. So, we planned on installing the littlegoody onto the TV in the family room, so that both kids would have an equal chance to play. So,What then? you may be asking is the problem. The problem arose when we went to shop forgames for the system. They werent hard to find. They were in all the local toy stores andWalmart and Kmart too! But, there werent any for girls! I looked high and low and came upempty handed. Why was this happening? Surely, girls must want to play video games as much as boysdo! Why then, arent game manufacturers producing any video games that feature girls as themain character? On a recent trip to our local Walmart store, I found over two hundred videogame titles, yes I counted, for our game system, but of these only two had female maincharacters. One of them was, you guessed it, Barbie! The other one was a female warriordressed in a scantily clad leather outfit. Im pretty sure the latter was designed for young men,and not for young girls. Surely, a big retailer, like Toys-R-Us would have more of a selection. So, off I went onmy merry way only to be once again disappointed. Toys-R-Us had over 300 titles in stock forour game system and only the same two titles I found at Walmart were available there with onenew addition, which was the Spice Girls CD. Its price had been reduced, so I guessed it was leftover from last year when the Spice Girls used to be popular. I ended up purchasing 4 games for my kids to play. I found a few with cartoon charactersas lead characters, that I felt would be appropriate for kids. I bought Rugrats, Loony Tunes,Grand Turismo (race cars), and Tetras (puzzle). All, except the puzzle game, had malecharacters in the lead, but at least these were rated as non-violent. After some careful research, I found that video games are a 7 billion dollar a yearindustry that out surpasses even the movie industry by 2 billion dollars each year ( 2 ). Mostly,these games are being sold to boys and young men. Girls currently represent only about 20percent of the market, having been pretty much written off by important manufacturers like,Hasbro, Sony, and Sega ( 3 ). Girls have extensive buying power though, nearly 84 billion dollars annually, and over 6million of them live in households with gaming systems ( 3 ). From ages, 6 to 10, girls playvideo games as much and as often as boys in that same age bracket, and one survey reports thatif there were more games out there that they enjoyed, 85 percent of girls surveyed would usetheir gaming systems more ( 1 ). Girls dont seem to like the same kinds of games boys do. Instead of the violent, time-limited games boys go for, the girls like games that offer strongnarratives, interaction, and creativity. Its not enough to simply convert or replace existingsoftware for girls; the basic structure should be changed. A 1995 survey in Childrens SoftwareReview found only 28 of the 344 games with female characters in leading roles ( 3 ), proof thatfew producers have created games exclusively for girls. I believe this is largely so, due to the male dominance in the whole computer andtechnological industry. Males are turning out a product for other males. Then why arent womenout there designing a product girls will enjoy? Some are trying, but I have found it a catch-22situation. Men are leading the technology industry because they are the ones inviting othermales to join their ranks by making only games geared towards boys and young men. Girls areless likely to deem this area as fun and inviting and thus, turn their attention to other areas ofstudy once college bound. .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d , .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .postImageUrl , .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d , .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d:hover , .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d:visited , .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d:active { border:0!important; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d:active , .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c33aa3a72e523302ed7246987496b6d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atomic Bomb EssaySome companies are beginning to look for ways to encourage girls to get more involvedin information technology. Girl Tech is one such group, in hopes of reaching 3.4 million GirlScouts, they are sponsoring a technology merit-badge program (3 ). Efforts like this mustcontinue, though more immediate measures need to be taken in order for girls to becometechnologically proficient. If for no other reason than for an increase in earning potential, girlsmust learn to use and keep up with the technology around them. Not developing video games for girls, seems to be a classic example of symbolicannihilation ( 4 ). That is, the media has traditionally ignored women. In this case, even thoughgirls have money to spend, their needs still arent being met. With the amount of time childrenspend playing video games each week, one study says as much as 4 hours by boys and at least 2hours by girls, what kind of message are we giving our kids ( 2 )? I know it cant be positive. I really hadnt realized the bias towards girls in the toy department. This has reallyopened my eyes as a consumer! I am interested on my next trip to the toy store , to find out ifother areas of the store are as biased as the video game department. Its already evident thatthere is a division of boy isles and girl isles. My children have pointed this out many of timewith cries of, I want to go to the girl isle! from my daughter and the opposite from my son. What is important here is that, I am at least aware of the problem now. I wonder how manyother mothers with daughters are aware of what is available to their daughters as consumers. Itreally is disturbing when you think about it.

Before you tattoo, what you should know first

Before you tattoo, what you should know first Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Think before you ink!† Rae Schwarz could not have said it better in his article â€Å"How is a tattoo done?† Tattoos are not something that someone should just go get. There are many things to consider before getting inked. Depending on your age and current health will give you an idea just how much you should know. Now days you can look at just about anyone and find a tattoo. Tattoos come in many different designs and can be located on various parts of the body. Getting a tattoo has become a great deal more common than it used to be. But even though people get tattoos everyday, there are things needed to know before you get a tattoo because tattoos can hurt and are usually permanent. One of the first things that you should find out before you get a tattoo is, are you up to date on your immunizations. Having all your shots will insure that your body will help fight off infection. A MayoClinic article states that â€Å"complications are relatively uncommon [but that] skin infections and skin reactions are possible.† Another thing to think about before you tattoo is what, if any medications are you currently taking. Depending on the medication could be a good indicator that you just do not need to get a tattoo at this time. Certain prescriptions can thin out your blood and since getting a tattoo involves penetrating the skin that would not be a good idea. Before you get the tattoo done you have to fill out a confidential paper regarding your health. It is best to be honest when filling out this form and if you have any questionable answers it is best if you wait to get a tattoo until a later time. Allergies are something that is also very important to think about before you get a tattoo. Check with your family or physician to find out if you are allergic to any of the equipment that is used during the tattoo process. Ask the tattoo shop for a complete list of products that are used to make sure you will not have a reaction to any of them. If you find out that you are allergic to one or more of the products you can check to see if there is a way to use something else in place of it. Chances are though a tattoo is not right for you. However, if you decide to get a tattoo anyway it would be in your best interest to have someone with you in case of an emergency. No matter your situation you should always know where to go and what to do if medical treatment is needed. Now that you have gotten through the medical stuff you can start to look for the right shop. There are so many places where you can go and get a tattoo. Your job is to find the right one for you. The best way to do that is to talk to friends and family who have received tattoos and ask where they got theirs. What did they think of the shop? Was it clean? Would they return to that same shop is a good way to know a great deal about the service they received? Another way to find out is to go look on your own. Go check out the various tattoo shops in your area. Your first impression is usually the best judge. If you do not like the way the shop looks or if you feel uncomfortable when you are standing there, then leave. Tattoo shops need to be clean and you should be able to find multiple bio hazard containers for the used needles. Many shops also use an autoclave. That is a device that is used to sterilize the equipment between uses. Use that same gut feeling when you are t alking with the tattoo artists. If you would not want this person to touch you, chances are they should not be putting a tattoo on you. Do not hesitate to ask the tattoo artist for references or pictures of work that he or she has done. The more experience that the artist has the more at ease you will feel about getting a quality tattoo. You have the right shop and the tattoo artist you want. But, do you know how the tattoo will be done? According to Rae Schwarz your skin has many layers, each with a different cell structure. The top layer known as the Epidermis is constantly refreshing itself, healing from a scratch or even a sun burn. The second layer is the Dermis that is where that tattoo ink is injected. â€Å"If tattoos are done to deeply, into the subcutaneous layer they often loose clarity as the inner layers also don’t hold the ink, absorbing it instead of sloughing it off.† (Schwarz 2008) A tattoo gun penetrates through the first layer of skin and injects the ink into the second layer, only about 1/16th on an inch. (Hudson, 2008) This machine consists of multiple needles attached to a tube and is electronically motorized. The tattoo gun can penetrate your skin thousands of times per minute. The artist will usually first draw the outline of your tattoo. This for some is the hardest par t of the process. The artist will then color in the outline; this feels like a continuous scratch or gives a burning sensation. After the initial shock of getting the tattoo done it does not seem to hurt as much. Depending on the location and size of your tattoo will determine just how long the tattoo process will take. Anyone who has a tattoo can tell you how much it hurt to get. If anyone tells you otherwise they are crazy. I guess it all truly depends on your pain tolerance and where the tattoo is located. The best place to get a tattoo if you are concerned with the pain is a more fatty area. Getting a tattoo near or around a bone will hurt more because your skin layers are not as thick to tolerate the pain. For some people the hardest thing to overcome is the needle itself. An article that Hudson wrote says, â€Å"to get your tattoo somewhere on your body where you will not be able to watch the work going on. This helps some to overcome the apprehension, by not actually seeing the needle.† I know from personal experience that the right places for my tattoos are on my back. I could not see them getting done and it was easy for me to sit still, Ultimately getting a tattoo is something that no one should jump into. There are many factors that need to be considered, from your health to the experience of the artist. But once you have decided to get that tattoo be sure the tattoo is something that you will not regret getting later in life. â€Å"Tattoos are meant to be permanent, so their complete removal is difficult. Several techniques exist, but regardless of the method used, scarring and skin color variations are likely to remain.† (MayoClinic 2008) Different tattoo removal methods include: laser surgery, dermabrasion and surgical removal. These methods are very costly and can cause more pain than the original tattoo itself. So be sure that the tattoo is something that you are willing to have for the rest of your life. Therefore, if a tattoo is something that you are considering; I ask that you take a few extra days and really think about it. The tattoo shop and artist will still be there in a few days. The most important thing you can do is to consider your health. A tattoo is not something to get sick over because you did not know about your health history. Think about what kind of tattoo you want and were you might want it; because after the tattoo is done you cannot just wash it away if you do not like it anymore. Do research on the tattoo shops in your area and find the one that is right for you. Just remember that tattoos are meant to be permanent so make sure you will be happy with the tattoo you get now and also in the future References Hudson, K. (2008). Tattoos-How much do they really hurt? Retrieved August 24, 2008, from About.com Web site: URL http://tattoo.about.com/cs/pafterabvneck/a/090103.htm Kettle, S. (2008, June 1). How to Pick Your First Tattoo. Retrieved September 6, 2008, from http://ezinearticles.com/?How-to-Pick-Your-First-Tattooid=1216810 Schwarz, R. (2008). How is a tattoo done? Retrieved August 24, 2008, from BellaOnline Web site: URL bellaonline.com/articles/art750.asp Tattoos-How to have them done safe and how to remove them. (2006-8). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from URL carefair.com/Body/Tattoos_1562.html Tattoos: Risks and precautions to know first. (2008). Retrieved September 6, 2008, from mayoclinic.com/health/tattoos-and-piercings/MC00020 Research Papers on Before you tattoo, what you should know firstLifes What IfsMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

The Id in Macbeth Essays

The Id in Macbeth Essays The Id in Macbeth Paper The Id in Macbeth Paper The id, according to Freud, represented innate desires such as hunger, sex, and anger. In looking at Macbeth one would assume that Lady Macbeth, being power- hungry as she was, would represent this component, however, these traits were evident in Macbeth himself. In Act II Machetes old drives him to kill Duncan and although his desire is shadowed by that of Lady Macbeth, ultimately he kills, demonstrating the part of Macbeth that is his old. As the play progresses Machetes old becomes Increasingly dominant. In act Ill, scene IV, Macbeth declares, We are yet but young In deed, foreshadowing that his most evil of actions are yet to come. The final act captures the essence of Frauds Idea of the old In Machetes statement While I see lives, the gashes do better upon them, meaning that Macbeth was willing to harm any life that was in his way. Masculinity is another symbol for the id throughout this play. Lady Macbeth questions Machetes masculinity several times at one point asking, are you a man? She also uses manhood when convincing Macbeth to kill Duncan. Later, when Macbeth decides to have Banquet killed he uses masculinity to convince the murderers. He says, ay, in the catalogue ye go for men/ As hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs/Soughs, water-rugs, and deem-wolves are slept/ All by the name of dogs (actual sentences-96). In Machetes utilization of masculinity to convince the men to kill, It Is further supported that emasculation Is a symbol for the old. Since Lady Macbeth uses this method frequently, It Is evident why one would assume she represents the old, when In reality, she does not. Alternatively, Macbeth has recurring hallucinations that represent the decency in him. Is this a dagger which I see before me, he exclaims, hallucinating, the handle toward my hand, this hallucination occurring in act II supports the idea that perhaps Machetes hallucinations are metaphors for his superego. This represents the moral part of humans. It pulls a person to do the right thing, opposing the old. Although many critics disagree with the idea that Macbeth is a good person, these hallucinations show the existence of a superego, meaning he has some morality thin him. After he commits the murder Macbeth says Will all great Neptune ocean wash the blood clean from my hands? (Actual scene). This is another example of Machetes superego being revealed. The final component In Frauds theory Is the Idea of the Ego which Is the part that maintains a balance between the old and the Superego. Naturally, there would need to be some type of mediator between the two as they are polar opposites. Unnaturally Tort Machete Nils ego Is Tautly Ana ones up Dealing ten reason Tort ten destruction he causes. During the dinner in Act Ill Machetes old and Superego come in direct contact with one another and it results in madness. Macbeth has a hallucination of Banquet, a surfacing of his Superego, in the midst of his Ids every increasing power over him. Theoretically, when the Superego and the old conflict, or when the ego fails to maintain balance between the two, it results in anxiety. When told to take his seat, Macbeth, seeing a ghost of Banquet in his chair, replies with, the tables full. This is the first indicator of the internal collision that is about to occur. Machetes anxiety and unease is demonstrated where now his words and fear are uncontrollable. In this direct clash of Superego and d, Shakespeare reveals Machetes weak Ego in its inability to manage the two extremes within him. Ultimately Macbeth is a story about a man who is neither in conflict with his power-hungry wife, or his lack of character, but his inability to balance between two extremes fighting within him. Shakespeare wrote Macbeth about a man who had a flawed Ego and the calamity that occurred as a result.

The Strategy of Taiwans Latecomer Firms to Gain Competitive Advantage Article

The Strategy of Taiwans Latecomer Firms to Gain Competitive Advantage - Article Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Taiwan together with South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong form part of the four newly industrializing economies (NIEs) of East Asia that have rapidly risen over the past few decades to become major global economic powers. Despite being latecomers in the region, many firms in Taiwan have gradually developed their innovation capabilities within a short span of time to become major rivals to the well established multinational corporations (MNCs) from Japan, Europe and America. The spectacular success of the Taiwanese firms in overcoming latecomer disadvantages and catch up with early movers is largely attributed to their successful application of a mix of corporate strategies designed to enable them to overcome entry barriers and gain competitive advantage. As Asia continues to take over the global economy, there are some issues with regard to how the firms in this region are able to compete in the global market. Specifically, the firms th at have entered the Asian market late have even more challenges with regard to catching up with those that are already established. These firms are called latecomers and have many challenges with regard to entry and how they are able to keep up not only in the global arena but also with the other giants in the local market who are already established. One such area that these firms seem to be lagging behind in the area of technology acquisition. Latecomers in the Taiwanese market have to deal with the fact that technology in this region has not matured like in the west. How these firms decide to use a specific strategy for transferring the technology is determined by the business strategy they use.

HIP DISORDERS IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION Assignment

HIP DISORDERS IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION - Assignment Example There are three main techniques for assessing whether a child is suffering from this complication. They include Ortolani test, Barrow maneuver, and Galeazzi’s test. Hip dislocation is a prevalent physiological problem in the pediatrics, which can develop before, during or after birth, but it can be diagnosed through the Ortolani test, Barrow maneuver, and Galeazzi’s test. The Ortolani test is performed by the medical examiner placing his/her hands over the child’s knees with the thumbs on the medial thigh while the rest of the fingers apply some slight pressure on the trochanter area as well as the lateral thigh. With slow abductions being performed on these areas, the dislocated hip will often reduce with a palpable â€Å"cluck.† The intensity of instability of the hip is categorized into two depending on the results of the examination. Positive Ortolani is a situation where the hip is dislocated and reducible at the same time. Negative Ortolani implies the hip of the child is dislocated, but it is irreducible (Byrd, 2012). Barrow maneuver involves the examiner guiding the child’s hip into a kind of abduction movement by applying some mild force with his/her thumbs. In the event that the bones of the child are not stable, the femoral bone will slide over the rear rim of the acetabulum bone while producing some noticeable sensation of subluxation or dislocation. Relatively, the degree of instability is measured by the results of the test. If a dislocation is evident, then the test can be said to be positive Barrow, but if the hip is characterized by mild instability, that can be termed as a subluxation or rather a negative Barrow test (Godley, 2013). In this case, the child to be examined is made to assume a supine position while his/her legs are bent at ninety degrees with the feet being kept flat over a level surface. The practitioner will examine the child to ascertain any differences between the two