Multiculturalism In the United States: Demographics, Diversity, & Divisions :: Race Culture America

Multiculturalism In the United States Demographics, Diversity, & DivisionsIntroductionOne of the most unique aspects of the United States is the diversity of its people. The Statue of Liberty states, give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses enthusiastic to breathe free, and America has indeed become an amalgam of people of different races, religions, and creeds. In order to better respond the needs of its assorted citizens, the American regimen has sought to learn about the characteristics of its people. To this end, the Census has been administered every ten years by the government since 1790. The Census provides the government with information ranging from household size to income however, it is mayhap the statistics supplied by the Census on race that allow for the most interesting deductions. Although the Census has been in place for almost two hundred and fourteen years, it is wholly recently that it has been revised to allow for precise racial identification . The Census Bureau notes, the questions on race and Hispanic origin, have been modified and expanded to better debate the countrys growing diversity. For example, it was not until 1980 that Asian Americans were able to specify their origin as Asian Indian as opposed to Asian in general. In addition, despite its growing proportion of the population, the option to indicate Hispanic origin was not added until 1970. While these modifications are significant, the most notable recent deepen to the Census was the option to mark off more than one racial group in 2000 and thus identify as multicultural or multiracial.As will be shown in this paper, analysis of the Unites States racial composition and relevant studies indicate that America has not become the melting pot of cultures and races that was once predicted. through with(predicate) residential racial segregation, the continual influx of immigrants, and the emergence of a multiracial population, America has remained a mosai c of cultures separate entities combining to create a groovy diversity. While indeed, some races have mixed through interracial marriages, cultural differences have be sustained and diversity in this country has actually increased. change Racial CompositionAmerica is still a predominately white society despite the growing proportion of minorities in its total population. The percentages the each race comprised in 2000 were reported as follows 75.1% White, 12.3% Black, 4.2% Asian, 5.5% Some Other Race, and 2.

Child Development :: essays research papers

How To Prepare For The Birth Of A ChildFirst of all Dont be doing stuff that would progress you at the essay for being pregnant, consider all alternatives, such as deli actually, abortions, and adoption, and make a decision. If you decide to carry the child full term, continue on to the following footstep Make sure you have the means to pay for the options you choose. You bequeath either exact a very rich husband, or medical insurance. Vitamins, are very important take some every morning until the end of your pregnancy. If they make you puke, try taking them at a different time of the day. If they still make you sick, call your doctor. Your doctors will tell you to switch to a multi-vitamin from the store. If these changes do not work, you will need to change your diet to make sure you are start out all the vitamins you need.Prepare yourself emotionally. You need to change your personal habits and lifestyle based on the knowledge that your unborn child is defenseless, and need s to be placed as first priority. Smoking, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, consuming excessive amounts of caffine, and other such habits should be stopped, or your baby ends up as a crack addict. You need to realize that soon you will not have the body of a supermodel. Start a journals to your child. This increase the bond between a mother and child. This will help you realize more rapid that there is an actual human being growing inside you. Write about important events that are misfortune during your pregnancy. This may be useful later in the childs life. Tell your baby what it feels like when you lay in bed waiting to count its fingers and toes. rejoinder care of your body. Eat health foods and drink a lot of fluids.Drinking milk is a wonderful source of calcium. If you are experiencing morning sickness, start eating littler healthy meals frequently, instead of three large meals every day. An empty stomach adds to the nausea. Avoid greasy foods, and foods that may give you hea rtburn. Heartburn is very common with pregnancy. get ahead your legs higher than the level of your heart as much as you can throughout the day, balanced with time spent walking around. Exorcise regularly. Do not over exert yourself, but try stretching and strengthening your leg and mid-body muscles.

Sin, Alienation, and Love in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay examp

The ruddy Letter The Themes of Sin, Alienation, and Love The Puritans, a religious group in New England in the early 1600s, interpreted the Bible form a fundamentalist perspective and strove to attain a guileless society. Of course, people are human and sins are necessary so the Puritans sinned and their perfect society was never achieved. Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter develops the themes of sin, alienation, and love to provide priceless insights into the traditional beliefs of the Puritans and provide valuable and timeless deterrent example insigts. Hester Prynne goes against the Puritan ways and commits the over-the-top act of adultery. The townspeople often talk about Hester amongst themselves in the marketplace, This cleaning lady has brought us shame, for her sin brings them much sadness (99). For this irrevocably harsh sin the town magistrates sentence Hester to wear the scarlet letter A as a constant reminder of her sin, and for any to mark her as an ad ulteress. Pearl is the incarnation of her mothers sin. Pearl, her mothers sole joy and at the same time a constant reminder of her sin, gives reference to Hesters shameful badge. Pearl was not conceived out of sin, but rather brought up amidst defying associations. As a direct consequence of Hesters sinful passions she conceives a child, Pearl. Not an evil child in the true sense of the world, but in all actuality Pearl is a reflection of her parents love and immorality. Further, Dimmesdale lacks the endurance to confess his sin for he cares more for his social reputation as a man of God. It becomes unmixed that Some me... ...s apparent in the new. Still of the essence(predicate) in todays society, Hawthorne explores many ideas in The Scarlet Letter that frequently recur in other literary works. This novel, set in the old age of the Puritans, reveals a lot about their regulations, concepts, and toleration of immoral and unlawful acts. Puritans have strict rules against the the ater, religious music, aesthetic poetry, frivolous dress, and many other things that the characters in this novel partake in. The Scarlet Letter, a romance set 200 years before Hawthornes time, is a historical novel about Puritan Boston. The Scarlet Letter thus becomes a discussion of historical events in which people break societys rules and the outcomes of these events. Viewing it in this light the novel describes Hester, a woman who let her heart rule over her head and suffers the consequences. Sin, Alienation, and Love in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay examp The Scarlet Letter The Themes of Sin, Alienation, and Love The Puritans, a religious group in New England in the early 1600s, interpreted the Bible form a fundamentalist perspective and strove to attain a sinless society. Of course, people are human and sins are inevitable so the Puritans sinned and their perfect society was never achieved. Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter develops the themes of sin, alienation, and love to provide valuable insights into the traditional beliefs of the Puritans and provide valuable and timeless moral insigts. Hester Prynne goes against the Puritan ways and commits the sinful act of adultery. The townspeople often talk about Hester amongst themselves in the marketplace, This woman has brought us shame, for her sin brings them much grief (99). For this irrevocably harsh sin the town magistrates sentence Hester to wear the scarlet letter A as a constant reminder of her sin, and for all to recognize her as an adulteress. Pearl is the incarnation of her mothers sin. Pearl, her mothers sole joy and at the same time a constant reminder of her sin, gives reference to Hesters shameful badge. Pearl was not conceived out of sin, but rather brought up amidst defying associations. As a direct consequence of Hesters sinful passions she conceives a child, Pearl. Not an evil child in the true sense of the world, but in all actuality Pearl is a reflectio n of her parents love and immorality. Further, Dimmesdale lacks the courage to confess his sin for he cares more for his social reputation as a man of God. It becomes apparent that Some me... ...s apparent in the novel. Still important in todays society, Hawthorne explores many ideas in The Scarlet Letter that frequently recur in other literary works. This novel, set in the days of the Puritans, reveals a lot about their regulations, concepts, and toleration of immoral and unlawful acts. Puritans have strict rules against the theater, religious music, sensuous poetry, frivolous dress, and many other things that the characters in this novel partake in. The Scarlet Letter, a romance set 200 years before Hawthornes time, is a historical novel about Puritan Boston. The Scarlet Letter thus becomes a discussion of historical events in which people break societys rules and the outcomes of these events. Viewing it in this light the novel describes Hester, a woman who let her heart rule ove r her head and suffers the consequences.

Sustainability Essay -- Environment Human Nature Papers

SustainabilitySustainability is a term frequently used by our leading (and planners) but is often not questioned or defined. The root word draw out implies that it means making something last. However, what does it really mean to sustain something and what is it that we are talking somewhat sustaining-- nature, our environment, our world? These are all very abstract terms themselves. Around the time the term sustainability arose, scientists had discovered a series of threats to our environment and viewed these as a major problem to the endurance of human population. The question then became How can we sustain humanity in todays world? The American Heritage dictionary defines sustain as supplying with necessities or nourishment, which addresses the key point of sustainability what are the necessities to ensure that human will be around for future generations? Another way to bet at it, which is suggested in the publication Caring for the Earth (a joint publication of the IUCN, UNEP , and WWF-I) is that sustainable development means improving the quality of human life piece of music living within the caring capacity of supporting ecosystems. It is perhaps important to note that this definition suggests that the quality of human life can only be improved if it is done with careful attention to its impacts on the environment both natural and social.A practical approach to sustainability does not place responsibility on one sector and not the other. The goal for all agencies and groups affecting society should be to work simultaneously toward the common vision of sustainability. This allows the various sectors to work efficaciously within their respected areas of expertise and spheres of influence, but specific to the purposes that ea... .... sore York Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc., 1983Elkington, John. Cannibals with Forks The Triple Bottom Line of the 21st Century. New Society Publishers, Stoney Creek, CT, 1998Hawken, Paul. The Ecology of Comme rce A Declaration of Sustainability. New York Harper Collins, 1993Hawken, Paul and L. Hunter and Amory Lovins. Natural Capitalism. Boston Little Brown and Company, 1999Hodgkinson, Virginia, and Richard W. Lyman. The Future of the Non-profit Sector. San Francisco Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1989ONeill, Micheal. The leash America The Emergence of the Nonprofit Sector. San Francisco Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1989Shumacher, E.F. Small is Beautiful Economics as if People Mattered. New York Harper & Row Inc., 1973Shuman, Michael H.. Going Local Creating Self-reliant Communities in a Global Age. New York Routledge, 1998

Archimedes Essay -- essays research papers

Archimedes was a Greek mathematician and scientist. He was born in Syracuse, Sicily in the yr 287 B.C. He was educated in Alexandria, Egypt. Due to the lack of information about Greek mathematics, many Greek mathematicians and their works are hardly known. Archimedes is the exception. Archimedes was very absent-minded with mathematics. For instance, he often forgot to eat and bathe because of his always wanted to solve problems. He found areas and hatfuls of spheres, cylinders and plain shapes. He showed that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds of the volume of the smallest cylinder that can contain the sphere. Archimedes was so proud of this concept that he requested that a cylinder enclosed a sphere, with an explanation of this concept, be etched on his grave. Archimedes also gave a method for approximating pi. He was able to estimate the value of pi between 3 10/71 and 3 1/7. Math wasnt as sophisticated enough to find out the exact pi (3.14). Archimedes was finding square ro ots and he found a method based on the Greek myriad for representing numbers as large as 1 followed by 80 million billion zeros. matchless of Archimedes accomplishments was his creation of the lever and pulley system. Archimedes proved his theory of the lever and pulley to the king by moving a send, of the royal fleet, back into the ocean. Then, Archimedes moved the ship into the sea with only a few movements of his hand, which caused a lever and pulley device to move the ship. This story has become f...

Archimedes Essay -- essays research papers

Archimedes was a Greek mathematician and scientist. He was born in Syracuse, Sicily in the year 287 B.C. He was educated in Alexandria, Egypt. Due to the lack of information about Greek mathematics, many Greek mathematicians and their works are hardly known. Archimedes is the exception. Archimedes was very preoccupied with mathematics. For instance, he practically forgot to eat and bathe because of his always wanted to solve problems. He found areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders and plain shapes. He showed that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds of the volume of the smallest cylinder that peck contain the sphere. Archimedes was so proud of this concept that he requested that a cylinder enclosed a sphere, with an explanation of this concept, be engraved on his grave. Archimedes in any case gave a method for approximating pi. He was able to estimate the value of pi between 3 10/71 and 3 1/7. Math wasnt as sophisticated enough to find out the exact pi (3.14). Archimedes was f inding square roots and he found a method found on the Greek myriad for representing numbers as large as 1 followed by 80 million billion zeros.One of Archimedes accomplishments was his creation of the prize and pulley system. Archimedes proved his theory of the lever and pulley to the king by moving a ship, of the royal fleet, back into the ocean. Then, Archimedes moved the ship into the sea with exactly a few movements of his hand, which caused a lever and pulley device to move the ship. This story has become f...

Proble Solution Essay

Problem/Solution Essay Procrastination The biggest problem that has always given me trouble is procrastination. Though Im not the only student that suffers from this problem, it is one of the most common occurrences among teenagedrs. How procrastination is detected is shown by people doing their maneuver at the last second and hie to get it make. Ways I continue it by getting side tracked by something usually more entertaining for instance TV, radio, or make up video games.When I start to do my reckon I always get bored with a silent room, so I happen to rung on the TV and listen to it. Instead of listening to the TV I circuit around and start to trip up it. Before I realize what I am doing I turn to the clock and thirty minutes rush already passed. Another problem that I have is being too wasted to make the effort to get the work done, or just even start it. I am lazy because I work and go to educate so when I get home from work I dont want to even do anything beside ju st tease there and watch TV or something.Being forgetful is a big problem I also have, when I go to school and a teacher gives me home work I dont write it down or anything, then by the time I get home I dont remember to do it. This is bad because not doing my home work gets me in trouble with school and my parents. As I have gotten older I procrastinate less but it is still bad, but not as bad as when I was younger. When I was younger I would almost never turn in my work either because I forgot to do it or I wanted to go hang out with friends instead of taking the time to sit down and do it.When I procrastinate work does not get done. I also forget when chief(prenominal) dates things are due. Forgetting classical dates is bad because when a big foresee is due and you dont have any work done it makes my grades suffer a lot. For example last social class I forgot a 100 point project was due. My grade was a 78% and when I didnt turn that project in it really hurt my grade. It dro pped me down to a 60%. Thanks to that happening I almost didnt pass that class. Thankfully I did salutary on the finals and it put my grade to a higher D. hat is when I realized I had a big problem, through out my senior year I have been trying to fix this terrible. I have been doing really well on making confident(predicate) all my work is getting done and saying no to friends that want to hang out. I just simply tell them that I have home work to do and its important because it is my last year in school and I want to pass with good grades. Ways I fire approach this issue is start paying close attention to when dates are due and when assignments need to get done. This will better me in school and also life.Some other ways I can get pass this issue is just focus on the main goal no matter how boring it readiness be, and how much more something else might be more exciting. In life one mistake on a assignment might cost me my job so I have to really pay attention to detail and ju st kick the lazy habit and put my best foot forward and try my hardest to make sure I succeed in life and in school. Another way I can also approach this problem is by making a schedule and write down when the assignments are due and when and where I need to turn them in at, doing this will help me a great deal in college and also in the work force.Making sure I use time management will be very effective with me handling my work. If a teenage like me has this issue the best way to confront it is to sit down and think of ways they can get past it. I know that with me academic session down and thinking of ways of beating this problem it has helped me a lot in the long run. I have been getting better grades and all my work has been getting turned in. I know that if I can do it then so can anybody else that has this same problem.

The Blue Sword CHAPTER ELEVEN

In the hollow w present they met Murfoth they set up their eldest proper camp. The hunting-beasts all went taboo that night, and all wizard, non just a some Riders, had good fresh meat for dinner. The kings zotar was put up, and it was obvious that it was the kings, for it was the biggest, yet this hotshot was plain, a dull dun color, and the door was just a tent flap, and indoors there were a few carpets, and hooks on side poles for lanterns, further that was all although the black-and-white banner still flew bravely from the peak of the roof. She and the king and Murfoth and most of the Riders Innath and Mathin among them slept within it but she lay awake a long condemnation learning to the others breathe. You didnt hear the person next to you breathing if there wasnt a roof oer you to keep the noise close in. She missed the stars.The next daybreak there was breakfast at a long table similar to the one where she had number one met the Riders they were all there a gain, with a few others of those who had joined them oer the last few days. Corlath explained what was immediately onward of them how they would climb into the mountains again the range was childlikest where the frizzle west was sharpest to meet the game plateau where the Lake of Dreams lay, and where Luthe lived. Luthe? thought chivvy. some of the army would not climb all the way to the meeting-place, but fade into the fo residuum in weensy groups and pretend to be invisible for, so far at least, Corlath and the outriders regardd they had not been sighted. ravage blinked and wondered if the morning mists that throwmed to continue all day long all day as a kind of dull haze had afterwards all been more than a curious local weather pattern. Luthe himself Mathin told her this during an interval go the household folk brought in hot malak had ways in sentence Corlath did not understand of haveing things, and Corlath wished to see and speak to him. hardly Luthe never left his lands, and so it was necessary to seek him there. Luthe claims that lowland air confuses him, Mathin express, and shrugged the un nonetheless so Hill shrug. It is not for us to k the like a shot. He picked up his cup.Yes, but who is Luthe? tell Harry.Mathin regarded her with his inscrutable expression. No one knows, he say. Luthe is someone who lives in the mountains, who sees things things something uniform what some of us see when we taste the Meeldtar. He has been there a very long time. No one butt end remember when Luthe came, or when he has not lived on his mountain.And the Lake of Dreams?Mathin stared into his cup. There is a spring that runs into the Lake of Dreams, and it is where the Water of stool is found but sometimes the water from the spring is further water, and no one knows why although it is believed that Luthe knows. Water drunk from the Lake of Dreams does not give the Sight, as the true Meeldtar does but it is not quite worry drinking wat er.Harry sighed.Corlath explained in short for the newcomers what the army was proposing to do. The Northerners must, perforce, choose the one wide pass in the mountains that led into the great central plain and whence the sodding(a) desert of Damar, for it was the however gap salient plenty to accommodate an armys numbers. The gap was a bit west of the midpoint of the length of the mountains from the curve where the north-south mountains, the Ildik range, became the east-west Horfel Mountains. When the last of Corlaths little army had collected in the hollow at the elbow of the two ranges, they would ride as quickly as one dollar billflesh would allow to the mouth of that pass, and formulate to engage the enemy among the empty villages and deserted fields of Damar.Then there was a silence, for all in the kings tent knew that Corlaths force could not win a victory from the Northerners nor were they likely able to resist them to the point that the invaders would decide Damar w asnt worth the trouble and return home. The best the defenders could hope for, and this they did hope for, was to cause enough trouble and loss that the Northern army would not gift the strength left to seize all of Damar in quite so cheeseparing and marrowive a grip as Thurra would wish and that pockets of renegade Hillfolk might hide in the Hills, or under the kelar of the urban center. If they succeeded so much, the battle would be worth what it would hail them, for they would have preserved themselves a future.Harry swallowed uncomfortably. She heard, a little dizzily, what Corlath was saying about the foothills the mountain pass gave into, and where the army would stand and she cast in her mind for her best memory of Damarian geography, for she had the un winsome sensition that something was being ignored, something that shouldnt be. Corlath was saying that they would decide more exactly once they arrived, but he seemed to know every stone and clump of grass there, the ex act location of every farmhouse, as did those who listened no one fell so low as to seek recourse to a map. She fr owned in concentration. She could almost see the Residency map of Dana it was very poor at the eastern end it barely admitted to the existence of the mountains where the kings City stood the City itself was one of Jack Dedhams native legends but about the west it was pretty accurate AhCorlath had fallen silent. Murfoth said something and there was another silence, and Harry put in, shyly but stubbornly Sola, what of the pass just northwest of the of the Outlander station? It is abbreviate, but not so narrow that the the Northerners could not send a clientele done to come up behind us.Corlath frowned. Let them take the Outlander city it will keep them amused long enough to delay them, perhaps. tear down the Outlanders will try to stop them when they are on the threshold.There was a silence so rigid that Harry felt that speaking words into it was like chopping holes in a frozen lake. They would do a better job move to stop them if they were warned, she said. Her words didnt make much of a hole the drinking glass thickened visibly. She didnt want to do everything so obvious as put her pay on her sword hilt but she did press her elbow surreptitiously against it, and stiffened her spine.They were warned, said Corlath, and Harry raised her eyes to his and maxim the golden tide rising in them and wondered what that fruitless conversation in the Residency must have cost him. Yet he hadnt burned the Residency down with that golden glare of his, as she suspected he could have and so she blinked at him now and said, Colonel Dedham would listen to you. You did not know the Northerners were on the march then you know for certain now. The pass is narrow he could hold it for you indefinitely but not if they have had time to come through and go where they will. Her voice was rising with alarm and perhaps anger was there anything but stubborn pr ide, the offended majesty of the coercive ruler of his small land, working in Corlath, that he should waste a chance to gain a little more time? How little she knew him after all, and how little she knew Damar, she who could not visualize every yellow blade of korf before the great pass in the mountains. And yet she could see did she not truly see? the threat that this second, narrow pass presented a threat that the king and the com partder of the army was choosing to everyplacelook. She did not understand she was born of a different people and she still different things.No, said Corlath the word rang like an axe blow, and his eyes were as yellow as topazes. Harry stared back at him you great bully even knowing what he could do to her, even as the sweat broke out on her skin with the effort of holding his eyes. Her elbow clamped desperately on Gonturan, and the hard edge of the blue gem dug into her ribs and encouraged her. Then he snapped his gaze from her and pointed it at the tent flap and shouted, though he rarely shouted, and fresh malak was brought in and fruit with it. The ice began, nervously, to break up, and Harry glowered at her cup and refused to be drawn into conversation, and listened to her heart beating, and wondered if she were a traitor and if so, to whom?The next morning thirty-five chosen horsemen, with Corlath at their head and Harry, still somewhat sulky, among them, started up the track to Luthes holding. The rest of the army broke camp first, and melted into the scrub of the mountains feet, winning the hunting-beasts and the pack horses with them. Corlath and the little band with him waited till last, watching them go, judging if their disappearance was effective looking to see if there were any too obvious paths humbled in the undergrowth. A few fleeks broke cover, but that was the only sign of their passage. Corlath and whoever else might have a weather talent must have been satisfied, and Harry watched, with a few shivery fingers working their way up her spine in spite of the heat for the loyal fog over them was blandly break of serve up. The sky was blue and clear. A britti burst into song, and Harry raised her eyes to watch the little brownish speck zigzagging madly overhead. Corlath sent his big bay laurel forward, and thirty-four riders, and one obstinate hunting-cat, followed.Harry hung near the back. She had not slept the night before for thinking of the northwest pass and Jack Dedham Dedhams face watching Corlath as he stormed out of the Residency and Corlaths face as he said, Let them take the Outlander city it will keep them amused.Surely there was a reason none of the Hillfolk thought that gap into Damar worth consideration? But if there was a reason, what was the reason? possibly this Luthe would show some disposition. Perhaps his crystal ball or what-have-you would say, Beware the northwest pass BewareAnd then again maybe it wouldnt. So, Harry, what do you propose to do about it th en?She didnt know. She concentrated on Sungolds ears, slender and pricked, framing the trail in nominal head of her, and the phantom grey haunches of Innaths horse going on before. The scrub gave way to trees, and the trees to greater trees, till they were walking in a forest heavy with age, where even the air tasted old. By the end of the good afternoon all the riders were on foot, walking with their sweat-dark horses up a steep uneven incline. Harry was panting, but she tried to do it quietly. Corlath probably never breathed hard. Tsornins nostrils showed red, but his ears were as alert as ever, and on occasion he would rub his nose gently against the nape of her jazz, just in case she was momentarily not thinking about him. Narknon ranged beside them like a spot shadow. The trees were so tall and grand that Harry, watching her, could believe that she was no bigger than a housecat that when she came up to be petted, she would twine virtually Harrys ankles, and Harry would pi ck her up with one hand and put her on her shoulder.The trees were so high overhead that the twilight under them might have been sunset, but might only be leaf shade and they were a silent accompany, for no one spoke and the footfalls were muted by leaves and moss. Harry allowed herself to wonder about the trail, as an alternative to her sempiternal mental circles about northwest passes that it stayed clear enough that no one had to duck under low-hanging branches, or fight a way through an advance bush, but so little used that the moss underfoot was thick and smooth. And still smooth after thirty horses and thirty human pedestrians have tramped over it, the 31st pedestrian thought, scuffing it curiously with one foot. Sturdy moss. Maybe Luthe is a botanist in his spare time.By nightfall Harry was still walking only by dint of holding a large handful of Sungolds mane in one hand. She had tried resting an arm across his back, but his back was too high for comfort and her sweaty hand kept sliding through his fine pilus. Even his head was hanging a little low, and Harry knew she was still in company only by the soft creaking of other saddles and the occasional flicker in the gloom immediately ahead that was Innaths horse flipping its quartern.As she walked her eyes closed and the colors of exhaustion twinkled across her eyelids. Then to her dismay they began to sort themselves out into patterns, but she was too tired even to open her eyes and disperse them. She saw a red-haired rider on a white horse. The horse was old, white with age, the bones of its face very clear and fine she thought it went just a bit short with its right hind foot, but its neck was arched and its tail high. The riders shoulders were set grimly, the legs against the horses sides were determined, not eager. There was a smoky redness to the view beyond them, scarlet that did not look like dawn or sunset they were going toward it, and the light flashed off a chain around the riders nec k and the helm tied to the saddle, and the riders hair, and the horses flanks. Harry wondered where they were going, where they had come from. The countryside could have been Damar. It could have been almost anywhere.She realized there was light sparkle through her eyelids it was setting the white horse on fire. The horse broke into a canter, a shining glistening wave of motion Harry dizzily opened her eyes. They were approaching a clear set with torches she could see Corlath pick uped, talking to a man as tall as he was, but narrower the mans hair was yellow. Innath broke into the lighted circle, and Harry came after, trying not to stumble, too tired even to take her hand out of Sungolds mane for prides sake. She looked around a little, and the faces she could see near her were haggard and drooping. Perversely, this gave her strength she dropped her hand and straightened her shoulders. Sungold turn his head to rest his chin on her shoulder. Whos reassuring whom here? she murmu red, and Narknon immediately sat on Harrys feet and bumped her hand with her head as if to say, I am. individual knew the way, for while Corlath finished speaking with the yellow-haired man the rest of the Riders were following someone else to someplace to lie down, Harry wished fervently. She stole a glance at Corlath as she passed him, and was comforted by the hollows under his eyes and cheekbones. It might have been only the torchlight.When Harry woke up the sun was high, and for a minute she had no idea where she was. Her first thought was that she had missed breakfast and her father would tease her about burning midnight oil. Then she remembered, with the old lurch of the heart, that she was in Daria with Richard no, Damar, with Sungold, and Narknon, who sprawled across her feet. And Corlath, and Gonturan. Her hand had rested mildly on her sword hilt again as she slept, and through the first upheaval of waking now her fingers recognized what they touched. She shivered, sighe d, sat up.She was in a long narrow hall with a dozen or so low beds in it high overhead, narrow but close-spaced windows let in a flood of sunlight. She only dimly remembered coming here, having seen Tsornin stabled and unsaddled and happy with a manger of grain and a heap of hay and falling into her bed, asleep before she touched it. Most of the other beds in the board were still occupied. The hall was built of large blocks of undressed grey-and-white stone the alike sort of stone, she thought, as much of Corlaths City. The room was cool, but it smelled clean and sharp, like young leaves.There were doors at each of the narrow ends of the room, and as she stood at the foot of the bed she could look through either of them. The flagstones were cold underfoot. She sat back down on the edge of the bed Its even a real bed, she thought and regarded her pillow a moment. Then she sighed regretfully and pulled on her boots. Narknon opened one eye and closed it again. The rooms on each si de looked much like the one she was in, and full of still-sleeping bodies rolled in dark blankets. There was another door midway in the wall opposite the windows. This she went through.Here was a vast hall, taller than the ancient trees of the forest she had just walked wearily through, with windows restrict at the very heads of the walls to open above the lower roofs of the sleeping corridors. At one end of this space was a fireplace that in any room less immense would have been itself enormous here it looked insignificant. There were several massive wooden chairs before it, and a long trestle table beyond these the rest of the chamber was empty. Opposite the fireplace wall were doors, thrown open to admit sunlight and birdsong and the rustle of leaves. She looked up at the ceiling. Curiously, there was no sense of oppression built by the stone and space rather there was peacefulness, the quiet of repose.Contented simply to be less tired than she had been the night before, she sto od a moment, drinking in the sense of relaxation. For the first time since the confrontation with Corlath, the thought of the northwest pass left her freely, without her straining to push it aside even the fellowship of the coming war, of her part in her first battle, did not trouble her at present. Of the latter she did know it would trouble her later soon but she would attend to it later. For now she smiled. Her mouth felt stiff.She brought her gaze down from the ceiling and directed it again toward the fireplace. Sleep and peace were all very well, but she smelled food, and she was hungry.The man with yellow hair who had stood talking with Corlath the night before was sitting in one of the great wooden chairs she did not notice him till she was quite near. Her footfalls dropped gently to silence no sullen echoes ran up the walls to disturb the birdcalls. She stopped. There was a tiny fire, barely two hands breadth, burning at the front of the cavern of the hearth. Over it hung a large capital pot on a chain, and on a stool nearby were a stack of deep silver bowls, and a heap of shining silver spoons.Breakfast, said the man with yellow hair. Ive had mine eat as much as you like. I flatter myself its quite good, although I admit Im not much accustomed to cooking for so many, and one begins to lose count of how many potatoes one has already put in after the first armful. She sat down with her bowl, encountering that formal introductions were not wanted and that he would be amused if she tried to be conventionally polite and she was so hungry. As she sat, he brought up a leather bag from the far side of his chair and poured into a flagon discovered at his feet. He handed it to her Goats milk, he said. There were brown flecks of spices floating in it. She smiled, not so stiffly this time.She looked at him as she ate and while she was sure he knew she watched him, he kept his eyes on the small leaps and dance steps of the flame beneath the pot, as if letting her look her fill was a courtesy he did her along with filling her belly.He was tall, she knew sitting, he looked even taller, for he was so slender. His arms were spread wide from his sides to rest on the is of the chair but his long fingers reached well over the change surface fronts of the armrests, and his knees were several inches beyond long seat of the chair. He wore a dark green tunic, and a brown shirt beneath it, with long full sleeves gather at the wrists with gold ribbons. He wore tall pale boots that reached just above his knees, where the tunic fell over them. The tunic was slit up the side to his waist, and the leggings beneath it were the gold of the ribbons. He wore no sash rather a narrow band of dark blue cloth made a cross over his breast, and wrapped once thinly about his waist. The ends of it were tassels, midnight blue shot with gold. A huge dark red stone hung on a chain around his neck.His face was thoughtful as he stared at the fire. His nose was long and straight and his lips thin his eyes were heavy-lidded and blue. His hair was curly as well as bright gold, and it grew low over his collar and ears although he was clean-shaven. He should look young, Harry thought. But he did not. Neither did he look old. He turned to her as she set down her bowl and cup, and smiled. Well? Did I know when to stop adding potatoes?Hill potatoes were golden and far more flavorful than the pale Homelander conformation that Harry had eaten obediently but without enthusiasm when she was a child, and here they blended most satisfactorily with the delicate white fish that was the basis of the I stew. It was the first time she had eaten fresh fish since she had left her Homeland, where she had often brought supper home after a few hours beside a crime syndicate or stream on her fathers acres and she was pleased, now, to notice that remembering this fact caused no nervous ripples of emotion about her past or her future. Yes, she said peacefully.Their eyes met, and he asked, as though he were an old friend or her father, Are you happy?She thought about it, her gaze drifting away from his and coming to rest on the tip of Gonturan, as she leaned against her sols chair for she had, without thinking about it one way or another, slung Gonturan around her as soon as she stood up from her bed. No, not precisely, she said. But I dont believe I wish to complain of unhappiness. She paused a minute, looking at the thoughts that had been with her constantly for the weeks since she had left her old life as a bundle across Firehearts withers. It is that I cannot see what I am doing or why, and it is unsettling always to live only in the moment as it passes. Oh, I know one never sees ahead or behind. But I see even less. It is like being blindfolded when everyone else in the room is not. No one can see outside(a) the room but everyone else can see the room. I would like to take my blindfold off.The man smiled. It is a reasonable wish. No one live s more than a few moments either way even those fortunate or unfortunate ones who can see how the future will be cast and perhaps they feel the minutes passing the most acutely. But it is comforting to have some sense of the probability of choices, perhaps?Yes, she sighed, and tapped a finger on Gonturans hilt, and thought of the red-haired rider on the white horse. He had looked as though he knew where he was going, although she had to admit that he had also looked as if the knowledge gave him no joy.Not he, said the man with yellow hair. The Lady Aerin. You should begin to recognize her, you know you have seen her often enough.She blinked at him.You carry her sword, and ride to a fate not entirely of your own choosing. It is not surprising that she in some manner chooses to ride with you. She knew much of fate. Not surprising. It continued to surprise her. She would prefer that it surprise her, in fact. She permitted herself just briefly to think about her Homeland, with the w ide grassy low hills and blue rivers, when the only sword she knew was her fathers dress sword, which was not sharp and which she was forbidden to touch and where the only smoothen was at the seaside. She rediscovered herself staring at a silver pot over a tiny fire.Im afraid I cant comfort you very much with predictions it is pleasant when I can comfort anyone with predictions, and I always enjoy it as much as possible because it doesnt happen too often. But I can tell you even less than I can usually tell anyone, and it hurts my pride. His hand closed around the dark stone at his neck it glowed through his fingers like fire.She looked at him, startled.You have already begun to see the hardness of the choices that you will soon be forced to make and the choosing will not be any easier for your not knowing why you must choose. His voice took on a singsong quality, the red light of the stone pulsed like a heart, and the heavy eyelids almost closed.Take strength from your own purpose , for you will know what you must do, if you let yourself trust your horse and the cat that follows you, for there are none better than they, and they whop you and trust your sword, for she holds the strength of centuries and she hates what you are learning to hate. And trust the Lady Aerin, who visits you for your reassurance, whether you believe it at present or not and trust your friendships. Friends you will have posit of, for in you two worlds meet. There is no one on both sides with you, so you must learn to take your own counsel and not to fear what is strange, if you know it also to be true. He opened his eyes. It is not an enviable position, being a bridge, especially a bridge with visions. I should know.Youre Luthe, of course, she said.Of course. I told Corlath in particular to bring you although he has always brought his Riders if he brings anyone. And I knew you had been made a Rider. I dont ask for anyone often you should be pleased.I can see the two worlds I am betw een, she said, unheeding, although why the second one chose to rise up and snatch me I still dont understand Ask Colonel Dedham the next time you see him, Luthe put in.The next ? But she said, be looseered, and thrown off her thought.You were about to ask me a move important to you, for you were trying to put your thoughts in order, when I interrupted you, said Luthe mildly, although I wont be able to answer it. I told you I am not often comforting.What are your two worlds? she said, almost obliterating the question as she continued But if you cant answer it, why should I ask? Can you hear everything Im thinking?No, he replied. Only those arrow-like thoughts that come flying out with particular violence. You have a better organized mind than most. Most people are distressing to talk to because they have no control over their thinking at all, and it is a constant barrage, like being attacked by a tangle of thornbushes, or having a large litter of kittens walking up your legs, ho oking in their claws at every step. Its perhaps also an effective preventative to having ones mind read, for who can identify the individual thorn?Harry laughed involuntarily. Innath said you lived where you do, high up and away from everything, because lowland air clouds your mind.True enough. It is a little embarrassing to be forced to play the enigmatic oracle in the mountain fastness, but I have found it necessary.Corlath, for example, when he has something on his mind, can knock me down with it at arms length. Hes often asked me to come stay in his prison that he calls a city, saying that I might like it as it is made of the same stone as this He gestured upward. No convey you. He smiled. He does not love the stone walls of his city, and so he does not understand why I do love my walls to him they look the same. But he knows me better than to press it, or to be offended.If it is only within arms length you find Corlath overwhelming, I have no sympathy for you, Harry said rue fully, and he laughed.We soothsayers have other means of resistance, he said, But I shall be sure to tell him you said so.She sobered. Id rather you didnt, if you dont mind. Im afraid were were not on the best of terms just now.Luthe drummed his fingers on the wooden armrest. Yes, I did rather suspect that, and Im sorry for it, for you need each other. He drummed some more. Or at any rate he needs you, and you could do a lot worse than to believe in him. Luthe rubbed his forehead. But I will grant you that he is a stubborn man at times.He was silent a moment. Aerin was a little like that but she was also a little like you Aerin was very dear to me. He smiled faintly. Teachers are always vain of the students who go on to do great things.Aerin? said Harry. Aerin? Lady Aerin of this sword? and she banged the hilt of Gonturan.Yes, said Luthe gently. The same red-haired Aerin who troubles you with visions. You asked me about my two worlds you could say that they are the past and the p resent.After a long cold moment Harry said, Why did you ask Corlath to bring me here?I told you that, surely. Because I knew he needed you and I wanted to find out if you were the sort of vessel that cracks easily.Harry took a deep breath. And am I?I think you will do very well. He smiled. And that is a much more straightforward answer than anyone consulting an oracle has a right to expect. I shall stop feeling guilty about you.Corlath and his Riders spent two days in Luthes hall the horses grazed in a broad meadow, the only wide stretch of sunlit green within a days journey of the tree-filled valley where Luthe made his home. Harry found Sungold tearing across the field, head up and tail a banner, on the first morning, the toilsome way up the mountain apparently forgotten. He galloped over to where Harry leaned on the frame of the open stable, where a few of the horses still lingered inside, musing over their hay. You make me tired, said Harry absently, thinking of her conversation with Luthe. You should be recuperating, not bounding around like a wild foal. Tsornin thrust his nose under her chin, unrepentant. You realize we will have to do the whole thing again shortly? And then go on and on and on? You should be harboring your strength. Sungold nibbled her hair.The other Riders and the fifteen other horsemen slowly seeped out of the tall stone house. Harry tried to decide, watching them, if any had had bewildering conversations with their host but she couldnt guess, and it did not seem the sort of thing one might ask. They all looked only semi-awake, as if the journey so far this was the first real halt since they left the City combined with the sweet peacefulness of Luthes domain prevented the lot of saddle-hardened warriors from feeling anything but pleasantly drowsy. They smiled at one another and leaned on their swords, and even tended their precious horses nonchalantly, as though they knew that the horses did not need them here. Narknon, so far as H arry could tell, never moved from her bed she merely stretched out when Harry left it, and reluctantly permitted herself to be shoved to one side when Harry re-entered. Harry, although she felt the same gentle air around her, was surprised whatever it was, it had less effect on her.Corlath himself strode around in his usual high-energy fashion if any sense of ease was trying to settle on him, it was having a hard time of it, for he was no different than he ever was, although he did not seem surprised at the condition of his followers. Harry stayed out of his way, and if he sight this, he gave no sign. Mostly he spoke to Luthe Harry saw with interest, on the occasions she saw them together, that Corlath seemed to do far more talking than his attendant or muttered to himself. The mutter-ings couldnt have been pleasant, for he was often scowling.The two days were fine and clear warm enough during the day to make bathing in the pool at the edge of the horses meadow pleasant, cool en ough at night to make the blankets on the beds in the sleeping-chambers of comfort. The torches that formed a ring outside the front gates of the hall were not lit again Luthe was willing to welcome his guests, but did not deem further illumination necessary.On the second afternoon Harry followed the stream that spilled out of the bathing-pool, and after a certain amount of scrap with curling branches and tripping over hidden hummocks she burst out of the undergrowth to a still silver beach bordering a wide lake. The Lake of Dreams. The stream stopped its chattering as it left the edge of the woods, and slid silently over the silver sand and slipped into the waters of the lake. Harry went to the edge of it and sat down, looking at the water. There was a step at her side she looked up and it was Luthe. There is a path, he said. You should have asked. He bent down and detached a twig from her hair, and another from the back of her tunic. Then he sat down beside her. I will show you t he way to return.Do you live here alone? Harry said, extracting a leaf from the neck of her undershift.No, he replied, but my housemates are even shyer than I am, and have a tendency to retreat into the undergrowth when visitors are anticipated. There are quite a number of visitors, now and again.The oracle is a popular one, said Harry, smiling.Luthe smiled back, but sidelong. Yes I think it may be private dismay that sends my companions away at such times they have something of kelar and the Sight themselves.He did not seem disposed to go on, so Harry said Does everyone who comes here behave as though theyre half asleep?No again I and my friends are generally quite sharp. But yes, most visitors find it a sleepy sort of place a reputation I, um, encourage, as it makes their thoughts sleepy too, and thus easier to dodge.Harry said, Encourage?Luthe said, You are not a sleepy one, are you? The source of the Meeldtar taints all the water here and the air that passes over the Lake of Dr eams carries something of sleepiness with it. Only those bearing much kelar of their own do not find that faintest touch of the Water of Sight a little drowsy. Like you. And Corlath.Harry, at that, caught a thought just as it was streaking out, and stuffed it back behind her eyes.Very good, said Luthe. I thought you might prove apt. I didnt catch a glimpse of that one.Harry smiled faintly.I suspect, however, that it might make you more comfortable to ask me it nonetheless, Luthe said, looking into her face but she turned away.Corlath, eh? Luthe said gently.Harry shake her head, not denying it, but as though she could shake herself free of her anxieties but Luthe said no more. At last she stood up, gazing across the lake she could not see its far shore. It is so large, she said.Luthe rose to stand beside her. No, not so large, he said, but it is a private sort of lake, and hard to see. Even for me. He was quiet a moment, looking across the water. I think perhaps the reason I stay in this particular uninhabited valley of all the uninhabited valleys in the Hills is that it comforts me by reminding me of things I cannot do. I cannot see the farther shore of the Lake of Dreams. He turned away. Come I will show you the path. Unless you prefer fighting your way through the poor trees, which are accustomed to being undisturbed.

Educational Broadcasting Essay

communicate became highly popular in the 1930s in Canada. A heated debate in the sevens helped Prime Minister Mackenzie King to set up a commission to create Canadian publicise system. Canadas number 1 network broadcast was in 1927. King addressed the nation from Parliament Hill. His speech gave indication that intercommunicate could be a valuable way for communication. It overly deeply influenced his political career. educational publicise was developed both at the federal and provincial level. This was marked by tension amidst the two jurisdictions. This paper studies the history of educational broadcast in Canada.In 1927 the University of Albertas Department of extension was given the license to operate the radio brand CKUA. By 1944 the Department of Telephones purchased and operated the station with the university retaining the license. The university also provided the programing for a fixed number of hours a day. The federal government in 1946 stated that broadcasting would be the responsibility of the government (Samuel, 1975). gentilityal broadcasts on radio began in 1940 after the Carnegie Foundation donated a grant of five thousand dollars to the B. C Department of Education.Its purpose was to study the use of broadcasting in rural education. A school broadcasting department was created which ran programs for Grades 1 through 8. The CBC provided the crews while the Department of education provided the creative elements of the program. The serve well offered programs in music, science and history. It was afterwards expanded to include the Western provinces of Canada. Educational radio began in Ontario in 1949. The Announcing and Radio Production course at the Ryerson Institute of Technology was operating the CJRT-FM. The station provided educational services to schools and the public.The license was help up to 1972. The general university budget had the CJRT funded as a special budget (Samuel, 1975). The government recognized the importan ce of electronic communications in Quebec. A bill regarding radio broadcasting was passed on March 1945. However nonhing could be achieved because of a serious dispute between the federal and provincial government. The Department of Education began producing two hour radio programs in Nova Scotia in 1928. This was done in association with Halifax station CHMS. English, French, History, Music and fun were the subjects discussed in the broadcast.Performers and actors also participated in the program. The programs were intended to support teachers. Formal educational radio programs were broadcast in 1942 by a national advisory council. These educational programs were based on the provincial curricula. They were produced in cooperation with education authorities in the various provinces. These policies reflected the constitutional position regarding the division of powers between the federal and provincial governments. The archetypical experimental educational video set broadcasts b egan in 1954.The CBC was associated with Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Television broadcasts were designed to be used by students and teachers. They consisted of instructions and formal educational programs which were linked outright with the provincial curricula. These educational programs were beneficial for the provincial communities. The Metropolitan Educational Association was formed in 1959 to use television broadcasting to serve the educational ask of Toronto. The CBLT in Toronto and CHCH in offered Hamilton Formal university courses.General educational programs handle Two For Physics and The Nature of Things were highly popular. CBC television also presented sixty half(a) hours programs each year for in school use. A yearly series of half hour programs called University of the Air was broadcasted each week during the 1960s. Studios were also connected with classrooms and laboratories victimisation closed circuit television (Toogood, 1969). Chan nel 19 in Toronto was reserved for educational purposes in 1961. An educational television section was established in 1965 by the Ontario Minister of Education. This section was within the Curriculum Branch of the Ministry. in that location were plans for educational television. Ontarios department of education applied for a license to open an educational television station. However the federal government refused the license. However a compromise was reached between the CBC and Ontario government. The CBC was allowed to apply to the new regulative agency for broadcasting license on behalf of the Ontario Department of Education. Audio visual materials were made by Radio Quebec which was an audio visual take house. During the late 1960s it expanded its production to distribution of its materials.The Calgary and Regional Educational Television Association was incorporated in 1967. Closed circuit channels from the Instructional Television Fixed Service ringing were used to transmit p rograms to 25 Calgary locations (Toogood, 1969). Memorial University in Newfoundland is a leading producer and distributor of educational television programs since the 1960s. It has produced programs for closed circuit use on university campuses. It has also produced programs for the universitys education division. It has contributed in using television for distance education and teleconferencing.Educational television programs were designed by the Nova Scotias Department of Education to teachers and students. Production facilities engage been admited by the CBC. The Department of Education has produced the programs. Video tapes draw been developed for provinces. Teachers choose also been provided these video tapes for classroom use. Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick have used video tape and film for educational purposes (Toogood, 1969). The 1960s saw a renewed interest in the development of national educational television service. The Canadian Radio-Television Commission w as established in 1968.Educational broadcasting came under(a) the jurisdiction of the Commission. The Canadian Educational Broadcasting Agency was established by the universe of bill C-179. The agency held licenses and operated educational broadcasting facilities. The provincial authorities were responsible for production and schedule. The federal government was responsible for transmission of the programs. The bill was withdrawn payable to provincial pressure. The Quebec Broadcasting Bureau Act effectively updated an unused 1945 act on Radio Quebec. The act proposed broader powers than the proposed Federal bill C-179.The federal bill was not passed. This ended the phase for the establishment of a national education service. Ontario and Alberta pressured the federal government for the establishment of a provincially owned and operated educational television service. An lag government specified that the CBC would provide educational facilities and provincial educational communi cations authorities provide the programming. Broadcasting received undertaking under the regulatory power of the CRTC. At least one channel was obliged to make available for educational programming (Twomey, 1978).Provincial educational television was developed by TVOntario and Radio-Quebec in the 1970s. The CBC was awarded a license to act as an agent for the Ontario Ministry of Education by the CRTC. This also led to Channel 19 to become the first UHF channel in Canada. Educational television services used any format and program. Entertaining broadcast schedules were developed by the provincial educational television. This led to them breaking out of the lecture format. There was much criticism and opposition from conventional broadcasters.The right of the provincial authorities to decide what is educational has been upheld by the CRTC (Twomey, 1978). In 1972 the OECA applied for a broadcasting license. The OECA is a crown corporation that reports to the provincial legislature thro ugh a minister. The policy is made by the case-by-case Board of trimors appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council. There is no direct government involvement in policy or programming decisions. The OECA distributes programs through video tape and their utilization in class rooms. New electronic technologies have been developed and used in marketing and utilization.Services have also been extended since 1973. Programs have also been sent to cable systems. TVOntario has become a popular broadcasting service. It has provided British dram, classic movies, documentaries and talk shows. It has become an apprehended public broadcasting services for Ontario citizens. French language programming has also been a part of the TVO broadcast. A separate service for the French community was initiated during the 1980s. advertizement is not carried on the English and French service. Funding comes from government grants and sale of programs (Twomey, 1978). CJRT-FM also evolved in the 1970s. Ryersons funding was changed by the Ministry of Colleges and Universities. There was no security deposit for the radio station. There were announcements that the CJRT would cease its operations. However political activity saved the station. In 1973 the CJRT-FM was established as a separate and independent corporation. The CJRT-FM was a buck private non profit corporation and had its own independent Board of Directors. The station provided just about university level courses. However most of its program content was classical and jazz music. Radio Quebec distinguished itself from other television services.It adhered to the concept of educational programming but did not bind itself by any federal definition. Education was part of gloss and its main objective was to influence the culture of Quebec. During the 1970s a schedule of television programs was distributed directly into the cable facilities in Quebec City. During this time two UFH television station were also established. Ove r the years the use of satellite distribution to transmitters to cable was initiated. Tele-Quebec has tried to reflect the culture of Quebec in the provinces regional aspects. Quebec has its own educational television broadcasting.Program formats are offered without contextualization. The Alberta government announced the setup of an Alberta Educational Communications Corporation in 1972. Two local educational television projects were taken by the corporation. It reported directly to the government. The provincial government was responsible for funding the television service and CKUA radio. ACCESS network radio broadcasted at least twelve percent of its programming for education. The service has provide mix of music, news and community orientated programs. Programs were mainly formal educational programs designed for classroom use.It also began to act as the purchasing and distributor of audio visual material for the education sector (Foster, 1982) The Saskatchewan Educational Comm unications Corporation was created in 1974. It became known as the SaskMedia. The corporation provided audio visual and distribution service to the Ministry of Education. The 1980s saw increase success for provincial educational television services. Signal distribution increase the coverage via satellites to cable. Formal and informal educational programs were delivered to cable companies throughout the province by ACCESS Network television.The schedule consisted of English language provincial services. There was a mix of children programs, school programs, British dramas, classic movies and talk. CKUA and CJRT-FM were educational radio services established themselves by mixing classical music, jazz and talk. CKUA enjoyed government funding. The CJRT had to divvy up advertising and use other sources for revenue generation. Saskatchewan in the 1980s still had no prospects of educational television. However in 1984 the University of Regina delivered credit courses to five centers. Th is instruction service was expanded in the succeeding years.They were offered by a new agency, Saskatchewan Communications Network. It offered two educational television services. Formal services for closed circuit from the University of Regina and conventional educational services were offered for the general public. The Knowledge Network of the West Communications Authority (KNOW) was established in 1980 by a Cabinet Minute under the Societies Act of British Columbia. This was a public television service. It provided institutional and formal education system. It provided services which were complementary to the system.All programs were supported and developed by educational institutions and the government. Atlantic Canada in the 1980s also saw pressure for the creation of educational television. The CRTC in 1980 called for extension of services to remote communities. The Atlantic Television Network established the ATV-2. This was an alternative service providing satellite for cab le television in the Atlantic region. It would broadcast four hours of educational programs on weekdays. It has become a supplier of post secondary learning opportunities in the region (Foster, 1982).Manitoba has seen little activity in the development of provincial educational television. The province has used the CBC as the main public broadcasting service. The department of education in Manitoba cooperated with the CBC in providing schools programming. The 1990s was a decade of steady growth for educational television. Direct to home satellites made educational services available to the entire populations. The services were extended to the entire country. Other provincial educational television services like ACCESS, the Knowledge Network and SCN also expanded their educational services in the provinces.TVOntario and Tele-Quebec faced some government cutbacks but this did not impact their educational broadcasting services. The 1990s changed the situation for educational televisio n service in British Columbia. The Open Learning Agency of British Colombia was established. It dedicated its segments to the college, university and school learning. New electronic systems were used to effectively deliver distance learning services throughout the province. The Knowledge Network became part of the Open Learning Agency. It also maintained a connection with the formal courses.Traditional education television evolved with childrens programming, British drama, documentary and talk shows (Rosen, 2002). The SCN in Saskatchewan developed a program schedule which funded and broadcasted locally produced documentaries. This reflected the local character and priorities of the province. These services were distributed by satellite to cable systems across the province. Funding came from yearly government grants. In Atlantic Canada educational services were provided by the ATV-2 network. Various universities in Alberta Canada use formal credit course for broadcast on this servic e.In Alberta provincial educational television and radio changed in the 1990s. In 1995 a new ACCESS television was introduced. It provided a new programming and business model. The look and style were also modern and youthful. There was a broader range of popular programming. Revenues were generated through the sale of broadcast air time. Educational products and services were also sold. Non commercial pre school programming was broadcasted in the morning. There was also a mix of non commercial ministry programs and US produced drama and movies. Traditional documentaries and magazine shows were also shown in the evening.Programs from the US were also broadcasted (Rosen, 2002). Specialty television in the 1990s was undergoing some rapid extension. Development work for a Canadian national educational television service was begun in 1991. The Canadian Learning Television was established. It was an adult oriented educational service emphasizing lifelong learning. It included two provinc ial educational broadcasters. Canadian Learning Television is Canadas only national educational television broadcaster. It was launched in September 1999. It has financed specialty services by cable subscriber fees and commercial advertising.It works with universities and colleges. It also works with provincial educational broadcasters (Rosen, 2002). The 20 first century has seen provincial educational television services, radio services and national educational television performing very well. Despite fears of privatization this has not however materialized. Radio and Television have become an important part of Canadian life. They have offered entertainment and education for thousands of Canadians. Canadas educational broadcasting services have provided programming to its varied audiences. There have been feelings of loyalty and connection with these services.The appeal of educational broadcasting has been increasing in Canada. High quality educational programming has been provid ed which has been instrumental in spreading literacy. It has also helped in providing distance learning services to remote communities. Educational broadcasting has helped in responding to specific provincial inevitably and realities. Educational broadcasting has come a long way since its genesis. Formal and informal educational services have helped spread knowledge and enlightenment to more communities in Canada. They are an essential part of Canadas cultural policy.

Shareholder Activism Essay

Can sh arholder activism actually deliver the desired change? IntroductionThe increasing awareness of shareholders and their level of importance to the modern make-up pay off raised multiple questions as to the potential single-valued function which shareholders stinkpot play in influencing the decision making of the direction team and their willingness to engage with a broad range of stakeholders. Where shareholders have an impact to any degree, this is referred to as shareholder activism and is largely described as being the role that shareholders play in ascensive the decisions made by management teams (Bainbridge, 1995). Whilst it is readily accepted that shareholders own the company, whereas directors manage the company, there has historically been a misapprehension that shareholders are simply interested in the financial profits that the company produces. It is argued in this paper that this is not the case and shareholders are becoming practically more involved in ensu ring a match approach and that organisations have a wider awareness of issues much(prenominal) as corporate social responsibility (Schacht, 1995). The purpose of this paper is to consider whether or not this casing of shareholder activism can actually be seen to be delivering a positive change, specialisedally in the area of corporate social responsibility. In enact to guess at this issue and the development of CSR, shareholder activism in its entirety needs to be looked at, before then considering the legal regime which encourages such activism and any specific cases that are relevant, before drawing conclusions on the constitute question.Shareholder activism the Theoretical PerspectiveThe management of an organisation has, for a long time, accepted that the performance of a business is down to them and that, if the shareholders are unhappy about the performance or the returns of the business they may potentially walk away from the organisation or the put of the manager ma y be in jeopardy. Where shareholders take this type of action on board, it can be suggested that shareholder activism is in operation. Broadly speaking, there are several key reasons why which investors may pursue the shareholder activist approach.Firstly, shareholder activism occurs in outrank to procure a better return on shareholder investment secondly, to ensure that the company pursues a different corporate strategy that will finally improve performance and profit readiness, a key fashion model of this being the suggestion that the company should demerge thirdly, to make changes in the management team fourthly in order to pursue some form of special interest, such as a social and ethical agenda (it is this agenda which will be looked at in more detail in the paper below). Finally, shareholder activism is undertaken to influence the outcome of some form of corporate agenda that has already been pursued (Tarrow, 1994).Shareholders have always had the option of essentially vot ing with their feet, when they disapprove of the decisions of the management team. For example, they can simply sell their shares, where traditionally the criticisms of management decisions would take place in private, with shareholders simply moving away when they were displeased. Although the concept of shareholder activism is not inevitably new, in recent years, it has certainly increased in its operation and become much more prevalent.Examples of recent shareholder activism include action by an institutional investor, Knight Vinke Asset Management which lobbied for changes in the HSBC strategy, or in Tesco where shareholders became involved in necessarying changes in working conditions relating to clothes suppliers in Asia. Interestingly, shareholder activism does not count on on the size of the market, with shareholder activism being a tool that can be utilize in any type of organisation. Those holding shares are likewise potentially able to act in this way and therefore t his lends a considerably more diverse meaning to the notion of shareholder activism, which can be derived from a much broader range of sources (Roe, 2003).With this potential diversity in mind, the next step is to look at the tools that are available for the activist shareholder and to delineate the statutory basis upon which such action can take place.Legal BasisOne of the key statutory powers which are available in order to support shareholder activism is that of the Companies Act 2006 (the Act). This Act lays down the legal framework which enables a shareholder to exercise any of their legal rights when they are pursuing an activist agenda. The precise options available to the shareholder will depend on the type of company in which they hold shares for example, there are different rights attached to public companies. For the purpose of this analysis, all potential legal rights will be looked at and it should be borne in mind that these may not always be available, oddly to sha reholders of private companies (Warneryd, 2005).In accordance with sections 303 to 305 of the Act, shareholders are able to call a general collision. This is a strong element of the shareholder activism as it provides members with a broadcast in which they can make their requirements known. In the aftermath of the Shareholder Rights Directive 2009, members and groups of shareholders representing a minimum of 5% of the public companies voting rights are able to require that the directors call a general meeting of the company. Similarly, where the directors choose to convene a general meeting there are rules associated with giving notice to the respective(prenominal) shareholders. This allows shareholders the hazard to bring a platform upon which to discuss their own issues.Secondly, in accordance with sections 314 317, members with a shareholding of at least 5% or shareholders or that have at least 100 shares with an average of at least ?100 per member are entitled to demand th at the company circulates a statement to shareholders of up to 1,000 actors line regarding a profferd resolution or any other business that is going to take place at the meeting. This again provides the shareholders with the information that they need in order to be potentially active. It is similarly noted that beneficial owners of shares can count towards the threshold in order to meet the 5% trigger (Belloc and Pagano, 2009).As swell as the ability to gain access to the meeting and information in relation to the meeting, shareholders are also entitled to be active within the meeting itself. In accordance with section 338, shareholders holding a total of 5% shares can propose a resolution, a strategy that was used by the investor cost-efficient capital structures but they required a resolution as part of the 2007 AGM of Vodaf wizard plc to pursue a specific strategy. Furthermore, section 168 provides shareholders with the ability to propose the removal of the directors. Argua bly, this is one of the greater sanctions available to shareholders, from the perspective of the individual directors. Where this process is being initiated, special notice of 28 days must be given of the intention to propose this resolution and to reasonably work in line with the articles of association of the company (Filatotchev, et al 2006).Importantly, section 116 of the Act allows any shareholders to gain access to the shareholder picture which then may offer them the opportunity for the shareholders to join forces in order to deal with a particular agenda, making the ability to reach the 5% thresholds close to easier. There are, however, requirements for shareholders to ensure that when they are canvassing support they are doing so for the proper purpose.There are certain thresholds which allow shareholders to have rights, with 5% fling the opportunity to propose a resolution, to require an independent report in the case of quoted companies, the power to require companies to publish audit concerns, again in quoted companies, and also the power to include a matter that should be considered at AGM. When the required percent of the shareholders join forces, the power becomes much more threatening to the management team, as this is the requisite amount required a specific resolution. For example, at 75%, the shareholders can require a special resolution to be passed.The regime associated with proxies can play a very important role when it comes to shareholder activism with the 2006 Act making changes as to the way in which proxies can operate, allowing the property to be much more effective. For example, members have an absolute right to appoint a proxy who can attend a meeting and vote on their behalf.Another key area of shareholder activism emerged from the ability to use corporate representation, rather than using a proxy, as this allows shareholders a much greater degree of practical tractability when they are unable to comply with proxy deadlines, or some other form of formality. corporeal shareholders are also able to appoint representatives by faithfulness of their own board resolution.Finally, it is cost noting that shareholders rights can be utilised by indirect investors. For example, under the 2006 Act, it is possible for the beneficial shareholders holding shares to enjoy information rights, i.e. to run information in relation to the company and in many cases the beneficial shareholders can count towards reaching the 5% thresholds. Although this goes beyond the scope of the discussion here, it is worth noting that these beneficial shareholders can have a direct impact on any agenda for shareholder activism.Examples of Shareholder ActivismIn order to gain an understanding of secure how effective these legal provisions can be, the situation in Tesco can be looked at. In 2007, the poverty charity War on Want used the fact that it held a 5% shareholding in order to present a resolution at the 2007 AGM, with a view to ensuring a better deal for suppliers, in particular across Asia. The matter did not rest there and in June 2008 Tesco was targeted once again by a group of shareholders who were headed by an individual high- profile shareholder, to look at the living conditions of chickens, prior to their purchase by Tesco for sale.The shareholders in both these cases used section 338 of the Companies Act 2006, in order to demand resolutions relating to their individual issues. Once this resolution had been demanded, the company was required to circulate information relating to the resolution, as well as any supporting statements (Aguilera, 2005). This type of shareholder activism was seen to be flourishing in these individual cases and provided a realistic forum for the shareholders with a relatively minimal percentage to change the strategy and activities of the organisation itself.Tesco is not alone in facing these types of issues and many other large companies have also faced action from mini mal shareholders, relating to specific issues such as wages for staff or supplier issues. This shows a clear indication of the willingness of shareholders to become much more active in putting their points forward and being willing to take on corporations by forcing resolutions to be placed and information to be provided to the broader shareholding (Hendry et al 2007).Analysis and ConclusionsThe question presented here is to consider whether or not shareholder activism can truly have an impact on organisations, when it comes to encouraging changes and improving corporate social responsibility within the organisation. By looking at the history of shareholder activism and the way in which shareholders are becoming much more willing to engage in the operation of the company, as well as examining the provisions of the 2006 Act which provide shareholders with the ability to undertake these activities, it is argued here that shareholder activism is a growing and real threat to management teams of all sizes.In particular, the 2006 Act offers a considerable opportunity for shareholders to demand information and to have certain items discussed at the AGM. By merely providing this platform for discussion, shareholders can become more active in order to ensure their last-ditch agenda is not pursued. By looking at this and using a company such as Tesco as an example, it can be seen that groups of shareholders are gaining real attention and are able to have a direct and dramatic impact on the decisions made by the management teams, particularly when faced with the ultimate sanction that shareholders can request the removal of those directors who fails to comply (Gillan and Starks, 2000).It is concluded here, therefore, that shareholder activism is a real and direct method whereby shareholder groups can encourage changes in the strategy of the organisation relating to both corporate, social responsibility and any other relevant issues.ReferencesAguilera, R.V. (2005) Corpor ate governance and director accountability An institutional comparative perspective British Journal of Management, 16 S39S53.Bainbridge, S. M. (1995) The politics of corporate governance, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 18 (3), pp. 671-735.Belloc, M. and Pagano, U. (2009) Co-evolution of politics and corporate governance, International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 29 (2), pp. 106-114. Filatotchev, I., Jackson, G., Gospel, H., and Allcock, D. (2006) Key Drivers of Good Corporate Governance and the Appropriateness of UK Policy Responses The Department of Trade and Industry and Kings College London.Gillan, S.L. and Starks, L.T (2000) Corporate governance proposals and shareholder activism The role of institutional investors Journal of Financial Economics, 57 (2) 275- 305.Hendry, J., Sanderson, P., Barker, R. and Roberts, J. (2007) Responsible ownership, shareholder value and the new shareholder activism Competition & Change,11 (3) 223-240.Roe, M.J. (2003) Political Determinants of Corporate Governance Political Context, Corporate Impact Oxford University Press.Schacht, K.N. (1995) Institutional investors and shareholder activism Dealing with demanding shareholders Directorship, 21 (5) 8-12.Tarrow, S. (1994) Power in Movement Collective Action, Social Movements, and Politics in Marens, R. (2002) Inventing corporate governance The mid-century maturation of shareholder activism Journal of Business & Management, 8 (4) 365.Warneryd, K. (2005) Special issue on the politics of corporate governance Introduction, Economics of Governance, Vol. 6 (2), pp. 91-92.

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Shaina Fober Although political divisions first emerged over domestic help issues, they deepened during a series of crises over conflicting form _or_ system of government that reopened the troublesome issue of Americas relationship with Great Britain. Domestic and foreign policy were, however, never entirely separate, since decisions in one area much carried implications for the other. Foreign and domestic policy (1789-1803) spans from the foreign affairs of majuscule, to Jeffersons Louisiana Purchase. Between these times is the Election of 1796, Adamss administration, concerning a variety of perspectives of historical figures n monetary policies and foreign countries, such as the foreigner Act and Louisiana Purchase Treaty, were all in relation to the restrictions and powers of the get together States Constitution. Under the term of Washington, on that point were many affairs to deal with, mainly foreign. Hamilton saw much to admire in Britain, and when Britain was so burde ned with debt that it seemed on the verge of bankruptcy, his reforms restored his countrys financial health. The success of Hamiltons financial program, moreover, depended on smooth relations with Britain duties on imports provided a major source of federal evenue, and most American imports came from Britain. Hamilton did not guess in returning the Americans to British rule he had, after all, fought for independence as an officer of the Continental army. Nor did he seek to establish a monarchy in the United States. But he thought a friendly relationship with the onetime mother country would best serve American interests. In contrast, Jefferson remained deeply hostile to Britain, and his Anglophobia played a central role in his growing opposition to Hamilton. The treasury secretarys method of finance, with a bank and full-gr sustain funded debt, seemed, as in art it was, based on a British model, one that to Jefferson was dangerous because it allowed abundant opportunity for corrup tion. For example, Jefferson stated, The incorporation of a bank, and the powers assumed by this bill, have not, in my opinion, been delegated to the United States, by the Constitution. (Document C). Jefferson was also deeply loyal to France, the Americans old ally in the War for Independence. While serving as minister to France during the 1780s, Jefferson had witnessed the beginnings of the cut Revolution, which in his opinion only tightened the bond between France nd America, whose Revolution, he thought, had inspired the French. These differences widened as issues in foreign policy came to dominate Washingtons administration, and they gradually marked a division. In 1790, Britain and Spain seemed likely to go to war then Britain seemed headed for the war with France that finally broke out in 1793. Jefferson argued that Britains situation gave the United States an opportunity to secure concessions in return for American neutrality. The British had never evacuated their posts in the Northwest, and westerners suspected the British of sing those bases to provoke Indian attacks on the American frontier. But on April 22, 1793, Washington, influenced by Hamilton, who desperately wanted to avoid any altercation with Britain, issued a proclamation that essentially announced American neutrality without even trying to secure any concessions in return. A few months later, Jefferson submitted his resignation as secretary of state, which took effect at the end of the year. Since the cong Address was understood as Washingtons parting advice to his country, it was widely read and remains one of the most frequently reprinted documents n American history. It was a moving document, beginning with expressions of the sixty- four-year-old Washingtons gratitude to his beloved country for the honors and confidence it had invested in him and a reference to the increasing weight of years that admonished him more and more, that the soberness of retirement is as necessary to me a s it is welcome. Then the chairwoman offered advice, based on much reflection, that might contribute to the permanency of your felicity as a People. He urged his countrymen to support the public credit, to observe good faith and justice towards all Nations while voiding permanent alliances with any, and to disdain over-grown Military establishments, which were always indecent to liberty. But the thrust of his message concerned the countrys political divisions. However, it seems strange in retrospect, that the Adams administration had a president from one party (Federalist) and vice-president from another(prenominal) (Republican). But Adams and Jefferson had been allies in the struggle for independence and, in the 1780s, deepened their bonds while serving together as diplomats in Europe. Most important, problems with France remained pressing.After hearing near Jays Treaty, the French, who began seizing American ships bound for England, would not recognize the neutral rights of A merican ships and in December 1796 refused to accept the new American minister to France. As the war fever grew, Adams fell into Washingtons old position, regarding critics of his government as rebellious people who put their confidence in France rather than their own government. Federalists in Congress went further, passing a series of laws for the suppression of the Republicans. Three Alien Acts, passed in June and July of 798, moved against immigrants, who were often members of the Republican Party. The first, an Alien Enemies Act that allowed the president to arrest or banish enemy aliens, would rake effect only if war was declared. Another Alien Act allowed the president to deport any foreigners he considered dangerous to the public peace and safety, and a Naturalization Act increased the time of residence before immigrants could become Citizens, and therefore acquire voting rights. The Alien Act also stated that, whenever there shall be a declared war between the United States , by any foreign ation or government, or any invasion or predatory incursion shall be perpetrated, attempted, or threatened against the territory of the United States, by any foreign government, and the President of the United States shall make public proclamation of the event (Document E). As Americas population grew and increasing numbers of white settlers looked westward for affordable land, events were unfolding that would dramatically change the map of America and influence the nations political, economic, and social development for much of the nineteenth century.At issue was the so-called Louisiana Territory, an awful area that stretched from the Mississippi River in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West and north to Canada. Like most Americans, Jefferson harbored the belief that Louisiana would some day cash in ones chips to the United States. It was thought that control of Louisiana, long considered a natural extension of the United States, loomed critical in defendi ng the countrys expanding frontier against Indian raids and foreign adventurers as well as serving as a valuable source of raw materials, most notable the worthwhile western fur trade.Most important, in Jeffersons view, the Louisiana Territory would be Americas ultimate safety valve a seemingly limitless territory to which Indians could be removed ahead of white settlement and, above all, a place where landless immigrants from the East might move to carry on the American impost that he deemed so essential to the well-being of the Republic. The Louisiana Purchase Treaty, also came out of this purchase. Which was a positive boost to the relationship between the United States and France, because as stated, The First Consul of the FrenchRepublic desiring to give to the United a strong proof of his friendship doth hereby cede to the United States in the name of the French Republic (Document F). Altogether, a new American nation emerged solely on these incidences in history. They helped pave the way for future and current political parties, and influenced their beliefs in domestic and foreign issues. Though these perspectives are represented on a wide scale, they are related in that all Americans seek perfection whether it is concerning domestic and foreign policies, and how that relation is always connected to our supreme United States Constitution.